Irving Langmuir

Premiul Nobel pentru chimie 1932

Irving Langmuir ( Brooklyn , 31 ianuarie 1881 - Woods Hole , 16 august 1957 ) a fost un fizician și chimist SUA care, în peste patruzeci de ani de activitate intensă, a câștigat faima internațională ca unul dintre cei mai experimentați și prolifici cercetători din secolul al XX-lea .

În 1903 a absolvit ingineria metalurgică la Universitatea Columbia și și-a continuat studiile în Gottingen , Germania .

Înapoi în Statele Unite , a devenit profesor la Stevens Institute of Technology din Hoboken în 1906 .

În 1909 a fost angajat în laboratoarele de cercetare ale General Electric Company , din Schenectady , unde a rămas până în 1950 și din care, din 1932 , a fost codirector.

În această lungă perioadă, Langmuir a adus numeroase contribuții variate și importante: a crescut viața și eficiența becului și a primelor tuburi termionice ; el a elaborat o teorie a valenței atomice; el a inventat termenii de electrovalență și covalență ; a determinat timpii de topire a solidelor refractare ; a construit o pompă de vid înaltă bazată pe difuzia gazului în vaporii de mercur; el a studiat comportamentul hidrogenului atomic la temperaturi ridicate.

El și-a dat numele unei legi privind trecerea electronilor în tuburile electronice : această lege fixează dependența curentului de caracteristicile geometrice ale tubului și de potențialul de accelerație al electronilor.

Langmuir a primit Premiul Nobel pentru chimie în 1932 pentru descoperirile și investigațiile sale din domeniul chimiei suprafețelor .

Revista științifică Langmuir , despre știința de suprafață, îi poartă numele.

Elemente conexe

Langmuir , unitate de măsură
Filmul lui Langmuir-Blodgett

Alte proiecte

Wikimedia Commons conține imagini sau alte fișiere despre Irving Langmuir

linkuri externe

( EN )Irving Langmuir , în Encyclopedia Britannica , Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
( EN ) Irving Langmuir , pe nobelprize.org , Nobel Media AB.
( EN ) Irving Langmuir , la Mathematics Genealogia Project , North Dakota State University.
( RO ) Lucrări de Irving Langmuir , pe Open Library , Internet Archive .

V · D · M Câștigătorii Premiului Nobel pentru chimie
1901 - 1925	Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff (1901) • Emil Fischer (1902) • Svante Arrhenius (1903) • William Ramsay (1904) • Adolf von Baeyer (1905) • Henri Moissan (1906) • Eduard Buchner (1907) • Ernest Rutherford ( 1908) • Wilhelm Ostwald (1909) • Otto Wallach (1910) • Marie Curie (1911) • Victor Grignard , Paul Sabatier (1912) • Alfred Werner (1913) • Theodore Richards (1914) • Richard Willstätter (1915) • Fritz Haber (1918) • Walther Nernst (1920) • Frederick Soddy (1921) • Francis Aston (1922) • Fritz Pregl (1923) • Richard Zsigmondy (1925)
1926 - 1950	Theodor Svedberg (1926) • Heinrich Wieland (1927) • Adolf Windaus (1928) • Arthur Harden , Hans von Euler-Chelpin (1929) • Hans Fischer (1930) • Carl Bosch , Friedrich Bergius (1931) • Irving Langmuir (1932) • Harold Urey (1934) • Frédéric Joliot-Curie , Irène Joliot-Curie (1935) • Peter Debye (1936) • Walter Haworth , Paul Karrer (1937) • Richard Kuhn (1938) • Adolf Butenandt , Lavoslav Ružička (1939) • George de Hevesy (1943) • Otto Hahn (1944) • Artturi Virtanen (1945) • James B. Sumner , John Northrop , Wendell Meredith Stanley (1946) • Robert Robinson (1947) • Arne Tiselius (1948) • William Giauque (1949) ) • Otto Diels , Kurt Alder (1950)
1951 - 1975	Edwin McMillan , Glenn T. Seaborg (1951) • Archer Martin , Richard Synge (1952) • Hermann Staudinger (1953) • Linus Pauling (1954) • Vincent du Vigneaud (1955) • Cyril Hinshelwood , Nikolay Semenov (1956) • Alexander Todd (1957) • Frederick Sanger (1958) • Heyrovský Jaroslav (1959) • Willard Libby (1960) • Melvin Calvin (1961) • Max Perutz , John Kendrew (1962) • Karl Ziegler , Giulio Natta (1963) • Dorothy Hodgkin (1964) ) • Robert Woodward (1965) • Robert Mulliken (1966) • Manfred Eigen , Ronald Norrish , George Porter (1967) • Lars Onsager (1968) • Derek Barton , Odd Hassel (1969) • Luis Federico Leloir (1970) • Gerhard Herzberg (1971) • Christian Anfinsen , Stanford Moore , William Stein (1972) • EO Fischer , Geoffrey Wilkinson (1973) • Paul Flory (1974) • John Cornforth , Vladimir Prelog (1975)
1976 - 2000	William Lipscomb (1976) • Ilya Prigožin (1977) • Peter Mitchell (1978) • Herbert Brown , Georg Wittig (1979) • Paul Berg , Walter Gilbert , Frederick Sanger (1980) • Kenichi Fukui , Roald Hoffmann (1981) • Aaron Klug (1982) • Henry Taube (1983) • Robert Merrifield (1984) • Herbert A. Hauptman , Jerome Karle (1985) • Dudley Herschbach , Yuan T. Lee , John Polanyi (1986) • Donald J. Cram , Jean-Marie Lehn , Charles J. Pedersen (1987) • Johann Deisenhofer , Robert Huber , Hartmut Michel (1988) • Sidney Altman , Thomas Cech (1989) • Elias Corey (1990) • Richard R. Ernst (1991) • Rudolph A. Marcus (1992) ) • Kary Mullis , Michael Smith (1993) • George Olah (1994) • Paul Crutzen , Mario Molina , Frank Rowland (1995) • Robert Curl , Harold Kroto , Richard Smalley (1996) • Paul Boyer , John E. Walker , Jens Skou (1997) • Walter Kohn , John Pople (1998) • Ahmed Zewail (1999) • Alan J. Heeger , Alan MacDiarmid , Hideki Shirakawa (2000)
2001 - astăzi	William Knowles , Ryoji Noyori , Barry Sharpless (2001) • John B. Fenn , Kōichi Tanaka , Kurt Wüthrich (2002) • Peter Agre , Roderick MacKinnon (2003) • Aaron Ciechanover , Avram Hershko , Irwin Rose (2004) • Robert Grubbs , Richard Schrock , Yves Chauvin (2005) • Roger D. Kornberg (2006) • Gerhard Ertl (2007) • Osamu Shimomura , Martin Chalfie , Roger Tsien (2008) • Venkatraman Ramakrishnan , Thomas Steitz , Ada Yonath (2009) • Richard Heck , Ei-ichi Negishi , Akira Suzuki (2010) • Dan Shechtman (2011) • Brian Kobilka , Robert Lefkowitz (2012) • Martin Karplus , Michael Levitt , Arieh Warshel (2013) • Eric Betzig , Stefan Hell , William Moerner (2014) • Tomas Lindahl , Paul Modrich , Aziz Sancar (2015) • Jean-Pierre Sauvage , James Fraser Stoddart , Bernard Feringa (2016) • Jacques Dubochet , Joachim Frank , Richard Henderson (2017) • Frances Hamilton Arnold , George Pieczenik Smith , Gregory Paul Winter (2018) • John B. Goodenough , M. Stanley Whittingham , Akira Yoshino (2019) • Emm anuelle Charpentier , Jennifer Doudna (2020)

V · D · M

Câștigătorii medaliei Perkin

William Henry Perkin (1906) • JBF Herreshoff (1908) • Arno Behr (1909) • Edward G. Acheson (1910) • Charles Martin Hall (1911) • Herman Frasch (1912) • James Gayley (1913) • John W. Hyatt (1914) • Edward Weston (1915) • Leo Baekeland (1916) • Ernst Twitchell (1917) • Auguste J. Rossi (1918) • Frederick G. Cottrell (1919) • Charles F. Chandler (1920) • Willis Rodney Whitney ( 1921) • William Merriam Burton (1922) • Milton C. Whitaker (1923) • Frederick Mark Becket (1924) • Hugh K. Moore (1925) • Richard B. Moore (1926) • John E. Teeple (1927) • Irving Langmuir (1928) • Eugene C. Sullivan (1929) • Herbert H. Dow (1930) • Arthur Dehon Little (1931) • Charles F. Burgess (1932) • George Oenslager (1933) • Colin G. Fink (1934) • George O. Curme, Jr. (1935) • Warren K. Lewis (1936) • Thomas Midgley, Jr. (1937) • Frank J. Tone (1938) • Walter S. Landis (1939) • Charles Stine (1940) • John VN Dorr (1941) • Martin Ittner (1942) • Robert E. Wilson (1943) • Gaston F. Dubois (1944) • Elmer Keizer Bo lton (1945) • Francis C. Frary (1946) • Robert R. Williams (1947) • Clarence W. Balke (1948) • Carl S. Miner (1949) • Eger V. Murphree (1950) • Henry Howard (1951) • Robert M. Burns (1952) • Charles A. Thomas (1953) • Roger Adams (1954) • Roger Williams (1955) • Edgar C. Britton (1956) • Glenn T. Seaborg (1957) • William Justin Kroll (1958) ) • Eugène J. Houdry (1959) • Karl August Folkers (1960) • Carl F. Prutton (1961) • Eugene G. Rochow (1962) • William O. Baker (1963) • William J. Sparks (1964) • Carl S. Marvel (1965) • Manson Benedict (1966) • Vladimir Haensel (1967) • Henry B. Hass (1968) • Robert W. Cairns (1969) • Milton Harris (1970) • James F. Hyde (1971) • Robert Burns MacMullin (1972) • Theodore L. Cairns (1973) • Edwin H. Land (1974) • Carl Djerassi (1975) • Lewis H. Sarett (1976) • Paul J. Flory (1977) • Donald Othmer (1978) • James D. Idol Jr. (1979) • Herman F. Mark (1980) • Ralph Landau (1981) • Herbert C. Brown (1982) • Norman Bruce Hannay (1983) • John H. Sinfelt (1984) ) • Paul B. Weisz (1985) • Peter Regna (1986) • John Paul Hogan , Robert Banks (1987) • James F. Roth (1988) • Frederick J. Karol (1989) • John E. Franz (1990) • Miguel A. Ondetti (1991) • Edith M. Flanigen (1992) • Lubomyr T. Romankiw (1993) • Marinus Los (1994) • Delbert H. Meyer (1995) • Marion D. Francis (1996) • Stephanie Louise Kwolek ( 1997) • David R. Bryant (1998) • Albert A. Carr (1999) • Norman N. Li (2000) • Elsa Reichmanis (2001) • Paul S. Anderson (2002) • William H. Joyce (2003) • Gordon E. Moore (2004) • Robert W. Gore (2005) • James C. Stevens (2006) • Herbert Boyer (2007) • Ian Shankland (2008) • Richard Bruce Silverman (2009) • Ronald Breslow (2010)

V · D · M

Câștigătorii premiului Willard Gibbs ( ACS )

Svante Arrhenius (1911) • Theodore William Richards (1912) • Leo Baekeland (1913) • Ira Remsen (1914) • Arthur Amos Noyes (1915) • Willis R. Whitney (1916) • Edward Morley (1917) • William Merriam Burton ( 1918) • William A. Noyes (1919) • Frederick Gardner Cottrell (1920) • Marie Curie (1921) • Julius Stieglitz (1923) • Gilbert Lewis (1924) • Moses Gomberg (1925) • James Colquhoun Irvine (1926) • John Jacob Abel (1927) • William Draper Harkins (1928) • Claude Silbert Hudson (1929) • Irving Langmuir (1930) • Phoebus Levene (1931) • Edward Curtis Franklin (1932) • Richard Martin Willstätter (1933) • Harold Urey (1934 ) • Charles August Kraus (1935) • Roger Adams (1936) • Herbert Newby McCoy (1937) • Robert R. Williams (1938) • Donald Dexter Van Slyke (1939) • Vladimir Ipatieff (1940) • Edward Adelbert Doisy (1941) • Thomas Midgley (1942) • Conrad Arnold Elvehjem (1943) • George O. Curme, Jr. (1944) • Frank C. Whitmore (1945) • Linus Pauling (1946) • Wendell Meredith Stanley (1947) • Carl F. Cori (1948) • Peter Debye (1949) • Carl S. Marvel (1950) William Francis Giauque (1951) William C. Rose (1952) • Joel Henry Hildebrand (1953) • Elmer K. Bolton (1954) • Farrington Daniels (1955) • Vincent du Vigneaud (1956) • W. Albert Noyes, Jr. (1957) • Willard Frank Libby (1958) • Hermann Irving Schlesinger (1959) • George B. Kistiakowsky (1960) • Louis Plack Hammett (1961) )) • Lars Onsager (1962) • Paul Doughty Bartlett (1963) • Izaak M. Kolthoff (1964) • Robert Mulliken (1965) • Glenn Theodore Seaborg (1966) • Robert Burns Woodward (1967) • Henry Eyring (1968) • Gerhard Herzberg (1969) • Frank H. Westheimer (1970) • Henry Taube (1971) • John T. Edsall (1972) • Paul Flory (1973) • Har Gobind Khorana (1974) • Herman F. Mark (1975) • Kenneth S Pitzer (1976) • Melvin Calvin (1977) • William O. Baker (1978) • Edgar Bright Wilson (1979) • Frank Albert Cotton (1980) • Bert Lester Vallee (1981) • Gilbert Stork (1982) • John D. Roberts (1983) • Elias James Corey (1984) • Donald James Cra m (1985) • Jack Halpern (1986) • Allen Bard (1987) • Rudolph Marcus (1988) • Richard Barry Bernstein (1989) • Richard Zare (1990) • Günther Wilke (1991) • Harry B. Gray (1992) • Peter B. Dervan (1993) • Frederick Hawthorne (1994) • John Meurig Thomas (1995) • Fred Basolo (1996) • Carl Djerassi (1997) • Mario Molina (1998) • Lawrence F. Dahl (1999) • Nicholas Turro ( 2000) • Tobin J. Marks (2001) • Ralph Hirschmann (2002) • John I. Brauman (2003) • Ronald Breslow (2004) • David A. Evans (2005) • Jacqueline K. Barton (2006) • Sylvia T. Ceyer (2007) • Carolyn R. Bertozzi (2008) • Louis Brus (2009) • Maurice Brookhart (2010) • Robert G. Bergman (2011) • Mark Ratner (2012) • Charles M. Lieber (2013) • John E. Bercaw (2014) • John F. Hartwig (2015) • Laura L. Kiessling (2016) • Judith Klinman (2017) • Cynthia Burrows (2018) • Marcetta Y. Darensbourg (2019)

V · D · M

Câștigătorii Premiului Faraday Lectureship ( RSC )

Jean Baptiste Dumas (1869) • Stanislao Cannizzaro (1872) • August Wilhelm von Hofmann (1875) • Charles-Adolphe Wurtz (1879) • Hermann von Helmholtz (1881) • Dmitri Mendeleev (1889) • Lord Rayleigh (1895) • Wilhelm Ostwald (1904) • Hermann Emil Fischer (1907) • Theodore William Richards (1911) • Svante Arrhenius (1914) • Robert Millikan (1924) • Richard Willstätter (1927) • Niels Bohr (1930) • P. Debye (1933) • Ernest Rutherford (1936) • Irving Langmuir (1939) • Robert Robinson (1947) • George de Hevesy (1950) • Cyril Norman Hinshelwood (1953) • Otto Hahn (1956) • Leopold Ružička (1958) • Christopher Ingold (1961) • Ronald Norrish (1965) • Charles Alfred Coulson (1968) • Gerhard Herzberg (1970) • Frederick Dainton (1974) • Manfred Eigen (1977) • George Porter (1980) • John Shipley Rowlinson (1983) • Alan Carrington (1986) • John Meurig Thomas (1989) • Yuan T. Lee (1992) • William Klemperer (1995) • Amyand David Buckingham (1998) • Richard Zare (2001) • Alexander Pines (20) 04) • Gerhard Ertl (2007) • John Polanyi (2010) • Richard Saykally (2012) • Michel Che (2014) • Graham Fleming (2016) • Graham Hutchings (2018) • Richard Catlow (2020)

V · D · M Președinți ai American Chemical Society
1876–1900	John W. Draper (1876) · J. Lawrence Smith (1877) · Samuel W. Johnson (1878) · T. Sterry Hunt (1879) · Frederick A. Genth (1880) · Charles F. Chandler (1881) · John W . Mallet (1882) · James C. Booth (1883) · Albert B. Prescott (1886) · Charles Anthony Goessmann (1887) · T. Sterry Hunt (1888) · Charles F. Chandler (1889) · Henry B. Nason ( 1890) · George F. Barker (1891) · George C. Caldwell (1892) · Harvey W. Wiley (1893) · Edgar Fahs Smith (1895) · Charles B. Dudley (1896) · Charles E. Munroe (1898) · Edward W. Morley (1899) · William McMurtrie (1900)
1901–1925	Frank W. Clarke (1901) · Ira Remsen (1902) · John H. Long (1903) · Arthur Amos Noyes (1904) · Francis P. Venable (1905) · William F. Hillebrand (1906) · Marston T. Bogert ( 1907) · Willis R. Whitney (1909) · Wilder D. Bancroft (1910) · Alexander Smith (1911) · Arthur Dehon Little (1912) · Theodore W. Richards (1914) · Charles H. Herty (1915) · Julius Stieglitz (1917) · William H. Nichols (1918) · William A. Noyes (1920) · Edgar Fahs Smith (1921) · Edward C. Franklin (1923) · Leo H. Baekeland (1924) · James Flack Norris (1925)
1926–1950	George D. Rosengarten (1927) · Samuel W. Parr (1928) · Irving Langmuir (1929) · William McPherson (1930) · Moses Gomberg (1931) · LV Redman (1932) · Arthur B. Lamb (1933) · Charles L . Reese (1934) · Roger Adams (1935) · Edward Bartow (1936) · Edward R. Weidlein (1937) · Frank C. Whitmore (1938) · Charles A. Kraus (1939) · Samuel C. Lind (1940) · William Lloyd Evans (1941) · Harry N. Holmes (1942) · Către Frolich K. (1943) · Thomas Midgley Jr. (1944) · Carl S. Marvel (1945) · Bradley Dewey (1946) · W. Albert Noyes Jr . (1947) · Charles A. Thomas (1948) · Linus Pauling (1949) · Ernest H. Volwiler (1950)
1951–1975	N. Howell Funnan (1951) · Edgar C. Britton (1952) · Farrington Daniels (1953) · Harry L. Fisher (1954) · Joel H. Hildebrand (1955) · John C. Warner (1956) · Roger J. Williams (1957) · Clifford F. Rassweiler (1958) · John C. Bailar Jr. (1959) · Albert L. Elder (1960) · Arthur C. Cope (1961) · Karl Folkers (1962) · Henry Eyring (1963) · Maurice H. Arveson (1964) · Charles C. Price (1965) · William J. Sparks (1966) · Charles G. Overberger (1967) · Robert W. Cairns (1968) · Wallace R. Brode (1969) · Byron Riegel (1970) · Melvin Calvin (1971) · Max Tishler (1972) · Alan C. Nixon (1973) · Bernard S. Friedman (1974) · William J. Bailey (1975)
1976–2000	Glenn T. Seaborg (1976) · Henry A. Hill (1977) · Anna J. Harrison (1978) · Gardner W. Stacy (1979) · James D. D'Ianni (1980) · Albert C. Zettlemoyer (1981) · Robert W. Parry (1982) · Fred Basolo (1983) · Warren D. Niederhauser (1984) · Ellis K. Fields (1985) · George C. Pimentel (1986) · Mary L. Good (1987) · Gordon L. Nelson (1988) · Clayton F. Callis (1989) · Paul G. Gassman (1990) · S. Allen Heininger (1991) · Ernest L. Eliel (1992) · Helen M. Free (1993) · Ned D. Heindel (1994) · Brian M. Rushton (1995) · Ronald Breslow (1996) · Paul S. Anderson (1997) · Paul HL Walter (1998) · Edel Wasserman (1999) · Daryle H. Busch (2000)
2001– presente	Attila E. Pavlath (2001) · Eli M. Pearce (2002) · Elsa Reichmanis (2003) · Charles P. Casey (2004) · William F. Carroll Jr. (2005) · Elizabeth Ann Nalley (2006) · Catherine T. Hunt (2007) · Bruce E. Bursten (2008) · Thomas H. Lane (2009) · Joseph Francisco (2010) · Nancy B. Jackson (2011) · Bassam Z. Shakhashiri (2012) · Marinda Li Wu (2013) · Thomas J. Barton (2014) · Diane Grob Schmidt (2015) · Donna J. Nelson (2016) · Allison A. Campbell (2017) · Peter K. Dorhout (2018) · Bonnie A. Charpentier (2019) · Luis Echegoyen (2020)

Controllo di autorità	VIAF ( EN ) 25398504 · ISNI ( EN ) 0000 0001 0960 5258 · LCCN ( EN ) n83828424 · GND ( DE ) 118778706 · BNF ( FR ) cb115039429 (data) · NDL ( EN , JA ) 00551404 · WorldCat Identities ( EN ) lccn-n83828424

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