Donald James Cram

Acest zvon cu privire la chimiștii americani este doar o schiță .

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Premiul Nobel pentru chimie 1987

Donald James Cram ( Chester , 22 aprilie 1919 - Palm Desert , 17 iunie 2001 ) a fost un chimist american , câștigător al Premiului Nobel pentru chimie în 1987 .

Biografie

A absolvit Universitatea Harvard și a predat din 1956 la Universitatea California din Los Angeles . El a studiat un grup de compuși organici particulari care au o structură moleculară ciclică sau inelară capabilă să se cupleze steric sau selectiv cu alte molecule organice cu structură specifică. Pentru aceste studii a obținut, cu C. Pedersen și Jean-Marie Lehn , Premiul Nobel pentru chimie în 1987 .

linkuri externe

Donald James Cram , pe Sapienza.it , De Agostini .
( EN ) Donald James Cram , în Encyclopedia Britannica , Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
(EN) Donald J. Cram , de la nobelprize.org, Nobel Media AB.
(EN)Donald J. Cram , de la Encyclopedia of Surfing.

V · D · M Câștigătorii Premiului Nobel pentru chimie
1901 - 1925	Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff (1901) • Emil Fischer (1902) • Svante Arrhenius (1903) • William Ramsay (1904) • Adolf von Baeyer (1905) • Henri Moissan (1906) • Eduard Buchner (1907) • Ernest Rutherford ( 1908) • Wilhelm Ostwald (1909) • Otto Wallach (1910) • Marie Curie (1911) • Victor Grignard , Paul Sabatier (1912) • Alfred Werner (1913) • Theodore Richards (1914) • Richard Willstätter (1915) • Fritz Haber (1918) • Walther Nernst (1920) • Frederick Soddy (1921) • Francis Aston (1922) • Fritz Pregl (1923) • Richard Zsigmondy (1925)
1926 - 1950	Theodor Svedberg (1926) • Heinrich Wieland (1927) • Adolf Windaus (1928) • Arthur Harden , Hans von Euler-Chelpin (1929) • Hans Fischer (1930) • Carl Bosch , Friedrich Bergius (1931) • Irving Langmuir (1932) • Harold Urey (1934) • Frédéric Joliot-Curie , Irène Joliot-Curie (1935) • Peter Debye (1936) • Walter Haworth , Paul Karrer (1937) • Richard Kuhn (1938) • Adolf Butenandt , Lavoslav Ružička (1939) • George de Hevesy (1943) • Otto Hahn (1944) • Artturi Virtanen (1945) • James B. Sumner , John Northrop , Wendell Meredith Stanley (1946) • Robert Robinson (1947) • Arne Tiselius (1948) • William Giauque (1949) ) • Otto Diels , Kurt Alder (1950)
1951 - 1975	Edwin McMillan , Glenn T. Seaborg (1951) • Archer Martin , Richard Synge (1952) • Hermann Staudinger (1953) • Linus Pauling (1954) • Vincent du Vigneaud (1955) • Cyril Hinshelwood , Nikolaj Semënov (1956) • Alexander Todd (1957) • Frederick Sanger (1958) • Jaroslav Heyrovský (1959) • Willard Libby (1960) • Melvin Calvin (1961) • Max Perutz , John Kendrew (1962) • Karl Ziegler , Giulio Natta (1963) • Dorothy Hodgkin (1964) ) • Robert Woodward (1965) • Robert Mulliken (1966) • Manfred Eigen , Ronald Norrish , George Porter (1967) • Lars Onsager (1968) • Derek Barton , Odd Hassel (1969) • Luis Federico Leloir (1970) • Gerhard Herzberg (1971) • Christian Anfinsen , Stanford Moore , William Stein (1972) • EO Fischer , Geoffrey Wilkinson (1973) • Paul Flory (1974) • John Cornforth , Vladimir Prelog (1975)
1976 - 2000	William Lipscomb (1976) • Il'ja Prigožin (1977) • Peter Mitchell (1978) • Herbert Brown , Georg Wittig (1979) • Paul Berg , Walter Gilbert , Frederick Sanger (1980) • Ken'ichi Fukui , Roald Hoffmann (1981) ) • Aaron Klug (1982) • Henry Taube (1983) • Robert Merrifield (1984) • Herbert A. Hauptman , Jerome Karle (1985) • Dudley Herschbach , Yuan T. Lee , John Polanyi (1986) • Donald J. Cram , Jean-Marie Lehn , Charles J. Pedersen (1987) • Johann Deisenhofer , Robert Huber , Hartmut Michel (1988) • Sidney Altman , Thomas Cech (1989) • Elias Corey (1990) • Richard R. Ernst (1991) • Rudolph Marcus (1992) • Kary Mullis , Michael Smith (1993) • George Olah (1994) • Paul Crutzen , Mario Molina , Frank Rowland (1995) • Robert Curl , Harold Kroto , Richard Smalley (1996) • Paul Boyer , John Ernest Walker , Jens Skou (1997) • Walter Kohn , John Pople (1998) • Ahmed Zewail (1999) • Alan Jay Heeger , Alan MacDiarmid , Hideki Shirakawa (2000)
2001 - astăzi	William Knowles , Ryōji Noyori , Barry Sharpless (2001) • John B. Fenn , Kōichi Tanaka , Kurt Wüthrich (2002) • Peter Agre , Roderick MacKinnon (2003) • Aaron Ciechanover , Avram Hershko , Irwin Rose (2004) • Robert Grubbs , Richard Schrock , Yves Chauvin (2005) • Roger D. Kornberg (2006) • Gerhard Ertl (2007) • Osamu Shimomura , Martin Chalfie , Roger Tsien (2008) • Venkatraman Ramakrishnan , Thomas Steitz , Ada Yonath (2009) • Richard Heck , Ei-ichi Negishi , Akira Suzuki (2010) • Dan Shechtman (2011) • Brian Kobilka , Robert Lefkowitz (2012) • Martin Karplus , Michael Levitt , Arieh Warshel (2013) • Eric Betzig , Stefan Hell , William Moerner (2014) • Tomas Lindahl , Paul Modrich , Aziz Sancar (2015) • Jean-Pierre Sauvage , James Fraser Stoddart , Bernard Feringa (2016) • Jacques Dubochet , Joachim Frank , Richard Henderson (2017) • Frances Hamilton Arnold , George Pieczenik Smith , Gregory Paul Winter (2018) • John B. Goodenough , M. Stanley Whittingham , Akira Yoshino (2019) • Emm anuelle Charpentier , Jennifer Doudna (2020)

V · D · M

Câștigătorii medaliei naționale a științei pentru chimie

Roger Adams (1964) · F. Albert Cotton , Gilbert Stork (1982) · Roald Hoffmann , George C. Pimentel , Richard Zare (1983) · Harry B. Gray , Yuan T. Lee , Carl S. Marvel , Frank H. Westheimer (1986) · William S. Johnson , Walter H. Stockmayer , Max Tishler (1987) · William O. Baker , Konrad Emil Bloch , Elias James Corey (1988) · Richard B. Bernstein , Melvin Calvin , Rudolph A. Marcus , Harden M. McConnell (1989) · Elkan Blout , Karl Folkers August , John D. Roberts (1990) · Ronald Breslow , Gertrude B. Elion , Dudley Herschbach , Glenn T. Seaborg (1991) · Howard Ensign Simmons Jr. (1992) · Donald J. Cram , Norman Hackerman (1993) · George S. Hammond (1994) · Thomas Cech , Isabella Karle L. (1995) · Norman Davidson (1996) · Darleane C. Hoffman , Harold S. Johnston (1997) · John W. Cahn , George M. Whitesides (1998) · Stuart A. Rice , John Ross , Susan Solomon (1999) · John D. Baldeschwieler , Ralph F. Hirschmann (2000) · Ernest R. Davidson , Gábor Arpad Somorjai (2001) · John THE. Brauman (2002) · Stephen J. Lippard (2004) · Tobin J. Marks 2005) · Marvin H. Caruthers , Peter B. Dervan (2006) · Mostafa A. El-Sayed (2007) · Joanna S. Fowler , JoAnne Stubbe (2008) · Stephen J. Benkovic , Marye Anne Fox (2009) · Jacqueline K. Barton , Peter J. Stang (2010) · Allen Bard , Frederick Hawthorne (2011) · Judith P. Klinman , Jerrold Meinwald (2012) · Geraldine L. Richmond (2013) · Paul Alivisatos (2014)

V · D · M

Câștigătorii premiului Willard Gibbs ( ACS )

Svante Arrhenius (1911) • Theodore William Richards (1912) • Leo Baekeland (1913) • Ira Remsen (1914) • Arthur Amos Noyes (1915) • Willis R. Whitney (1916) • Edward Morley (1917) • William Merriam Burton ( 1918) • William A. Noyes (1919) • Frederick Gardner Cottrell (1920) • Marie Curie (1921) • Julius Stieglitz (1923) • Gilbert Lewis (1924) • Moses Gomberg (1925) • James Colquhoun Irvine (1926) • John Jacob Abel (1927) • William Draper Harkins (1928) • Claude Silbert Hudson (1929) • Irving Langmuir (1930) • Phoebus Levene (1931) • Edward Curtis Franklin (1932) • Richard Martin Willstätter (1933) • Harold Urey (1934 ) • Charles August Kraus (1935) • Roger Adams (1936) • Herbert Newby McCoy (1937) • Robert R. Williams (1938) • Donald Dexter Van Slyke (1939) • Vladimir Ipatieff (1940) • Edward Adelbert Doisy (1941) • Thomas Midgley (1942) • Conrad Arnold Elvehjem (1943) • George O. Curme, Jr. (1944) • Frank C. Whitmore (1945) • Linus Pauling (1946) • Wendell Meredith Stanley (1947) • Carl F. Cori (1948) • Peter Debye (1949) • Carl S. Marvel (1950) William Francis Giauque (1951) William C. Rose (1952) • Joel Henry Hildebrand (1953) • Elmer K. Bolton (1954) • Farrington Daniels (1955) • Vincent du Vigneaud (1956) • W. Albert Noyes, Jr. (1957) • Willard Frank Libby (1958) • Hermann Irving Schlesinger (1959) • George B. Kistiakowsky (1960) • Louis Plack Hammett (1961) )) • Lars Onsager (1962) • Paul Doughty Bartlett (1963) • Izaak M. Kolthoff (1964) • Robert Mulliken (1965) • Glenn Theodore Seaborg (1966) • Robert Burns Woodward (1967) • Henry Eyring (1968) • Gerhard Herzberg (1969) • Frank H. Westheimer (1970) • Henry Taube (1971) • John T. Edsall (1972) • Paul Flory (1973) • Har Gobind Khorana (1974) • Herman F. Mark (1975) • Kenneth S Pitzer (1976) • Melvin Calvin (1977) • William O. Baker (1978) • Edgar Bright Wilson (1979) • Frank Albert Cotton (1980) • Bert Lester Vallee (1981) • Gilbert Stork (1982) • John D. Roberts (1983) • Elias James Corey (1984) • Donald James Cra m (1985) • Jack Halpern (1986) • Allen Bard (1987) • Rudolph Marcus (1988) • Richard Barry Bernstein (1989) • Richard Zare (1990) • Günther Wilke (1991) • Harry B. Gray (1992) • Peter B. Dervan (1993) • Frederick Hawthorne (1994) • John Meurig Thomas (1995) • Fred Basolo (1996) • Carl Djerassi (1997) • Mario Molina (1998) • Lawrence F. Dahl (1999) • Nicholas Turro ( 2000) • Tobin J. Marks (2001) • Ralph Hirschmann (2002) • John I. Brauman (2003) • Ronald Breslow (2004) • David A. Evans (2005) • Jacqueline K. Barton (2006) • Sylvia T. Ceyer (2007) • Carolyn R. Bertozzi (2008) • Louis Brus (2009) • Maurice Brookhart (2010) • Robert G. Bergman (2011) • Mark Ratner (2012) • Charles M. Lieber (2013) • John E. Bercaw (2014) • John F. Hartwig (2015) • Laura L. Kiessling (2016) • Judith Klinman (2017) • Cynthia Burrows (2018) • Marcetta Y. Darensbourg (2019)

V · D · M

Glenn T. Seaborg ( UCLA ) Câștigători de medalii

Glenn Theodore Seaborg (1987) • Warren W. Kaeding (1988) • Donald James Cram (1989) • George Gregory (1990) • John D. Roberts (1991) • Ralph H. Bauer (1992) • Robert Bruce Merrifield (1993) • George S. Hammond (1994) • George B. Rathmann (1995) • Mary L. Good (1996) • Frederick Hawthorne (1997) • Paul Delos Boyer (1998) • John P. McTague (1999) • Daniel Koshland (2000) ) • James B. Peter (2001) • Richard Smalley (2002) • Ad Bax , Alexander Pines (2003) • David Eisenberg (2004) • Ronald M. Evans (2005) • David A. Evans (2006) • R. Stanley Williams (2007) • Joan Selverstone Valentine (2008) • Mostafa A. El-Sayed (2009) • Robert Tjian (2010) • Richard Heck (2011) • Harold Varmus (2012) • Kendall Houk (2013) • Fred Wudl , Linda Wudl (2014) • Stefan Hell (2015) • Michael E. Jung (2016) • William Gelbart (2017) • Richard Henderson , Robert Glaeser (2018) • Paul Alivisatos (2019)

V · D · M

Câștigătorii premiului Arthur C. Cope ( ACS )

Roald Hoffmann , Robert Burns Woodward (1973) • Donald James Cram (1974) • Elias James Corey (1975) • Orville L. Chapman (1978) • Gilbert Stork (1980) • Frank H. Westheimer (1982) • Albert J. Eschenmoser (1984) • Duilio Arigoni (1986) • Ronald Breslow (1987) • Kenneth B. Wiberg (1988) • William Summer Johnson (1989) • Koji Nakanishi (1990) • Gerhard L. Closs (1991) • Barry Sharpless (1992) • Peter B. Dervan (1993) • John D. Roberts (1994) • George M. Whitesides (1995) • Robert G. Bergman (1996) • Ryōji Noyori (1997) • Samuel J. Danishefsky (1998) • Ralph F. Hirschmann (1999) • David A. Evans (2000) • George Andrew Olah (2001) • Robert Grubbs (2002) • Larry E. Overman (2003) • Barry M. Trost (2004) • KC Nicolaou (2005) • Peter G Schultz (2006) • Jean Fréchet (2007) • James Fraser Stoddart (2008) • Manfred T. Reetz (2009) • Kendall N. Houk (2010) • Nicholas Turro (2011) • Chi-Huey Wong (2012) • Stephen L . Buchwald (2013) • Stuart Schreiber (2014) • Paul A. Wender (2015) • Eric Jacobsen (2016) • Carolyn R. Bertozzi (2017) • Steven Ley (2018) • Dieter Seebach (2019) • Dennis A. Dougherty (2020)

V · D · M

Câștigători ai premiilor NAS în științe chimice

Linus Pauling (1979) • Frank H. Westheimer (1980) • Bruno H. Zimm (1981) • Gilbert Stork (1982) • Henry Taube (1983) • Richard B. Bernstein (1985) • Roald Hoffmann (1986) • Herbert C Brown (1987) • Harden M. McConnell (1988) • Ronald Breslow (1989) • F. Albert Cotton (1990) • Richard N. Zare (1991) • Donald J. Cram (1992) • Richard H. Holm (1993) • Koji Nakanishi (1994) • Isabella L. Karle (1995) • Ahmed H. Zewail (1996) • M. Frederick Hawthorne (1997) • Allen J. Bard (1998) • John D. Roberts (1999) • K. Barry Sharpless (2000) • John I. Brauman (2001) • Elias J. Corey (2002) • Harry B. Gray (2003) • Robert G. Parr (2004) • Thomas C. Bruice (2005) • Samuel J. Danishefsky ( 2006) • Robert G. Bergman (2007) • JoAnne Stubbe (2008) • Joanna S. Fowler (2009) • Louis E. Brus (2010) • Stephen J. Benkovic (2011)

Controlul autorității	VIAF (EN) 12.760.021 · ISNI (EN) 0000 0001 1597 3372 · LCCN (EN) n50019077 · GND (DE) 119 220 253 · BNF (FR) cb12281342f (data) · NDL (EN, JA) 00.436.827 · WorldCat Identities (EN) ) lccn -n50019077

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