Harold Urey

Harold Clayton Urey

Premiul Nobel pentru chimie 1934

Harold Clayton Urey ( Walkerton , 29 aprilie 1893 - La Jolla , 5 ianuarie 1981 ) a fost un chimist american .

El a descoperit deuteriul prin distilări succesive de hidrogen lichid.

În 1931 , cu ajutorul asistenților săi, a demonstrat existența apei grele , oxid de deuteriu D ₂ O.

Acest lucru i-a adus premiul Nobel pentru chimie în 1934 cu motivația „pentru descoperirea deuteriului”.

A fost director al unui grup de cercetare privind proiectul de construcție a bombelor atomice din Manhattan la Universitatea Columbia.

De asemenea, a produs lucrări importante în domeniile geofizicii , originii sistemului solar și paleontologie .

În ultimii ani ai vieții sale, Urey a început dezvoltarea domeniului cosmochimiei (el a fost responsabil pentru inventarea termenului), investigând abundența elementelor atât pe Pământ, cât și în stele în timpul evoluției lor. El a publicat aceste teorii în cartea Planetele: originea și dezvoltarea lor (Planetele: originea și dezvoltarea lor) lansată în 1952 . Urey a emis ipoteza că atmosfera timpurie a Pământului era probabil compusă din amoniac , metan și hidrogen (atmosferă reducătoare). A fost un student absolvent al său, Stanley L. Miller , care a demonstrat cu un experiment celebru că dintr-o astfel de atmosferă, în prezența apei și sub acțiunea descărcărilor electrice (care simulează acțiunea fulgerului), aminoacizii ar putea fi generate, adică unele dintre elementele de bază ale proteinelor .

Mulțumiri

În 1940 a primit Medalia Davy, iar în 1943 Medalia Franklin.

În 1969 a primit Medalia Leonard ^[1] .

Premiul Urey pentru cercetare planetară acordat de American Astronomical Society a fost numit în onoarea sa

Craterul Urey de pe Lună și asteroidul 4716 Urey i- au fost dedicate.

Notă

^(EN) Leonard Medalists Depus la 16 iulie 2011 în Internet Archive .

Alte proiecte

Wikicitată conține citate de la sau despre Harold Urey
Wikimedia Commons conține imagini sau alte fișiere despre Harold Urey

linkuri externe

Harold Urey , pe Sapienza.it , De Agostini .
(EN) Harold Urey , de la Encyclopedia Britannica , Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
(EN) Harold Urey , de la nobelprize.org, Nobel Media AB.
(EN) Harold Urey , de la Mathematics Genealogia Project , North Dakota State University.
( RO ) Lucrări de Harold Urey , în Biblioteca deschisă , Internet Archive .
( EN ) Bibliography by Harold Urey , on Internet Speculative Fiction Database , Al von Ruff.

V · D · M Câștigătorii Premiului Nobel pentru chimie
1901 - 1925	Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff (1901) • Emil Fischer (1902) • Svante Arrhenius (1903) • William Ramsay (1904) • Adolf von Baeyer (1905) • Henri Moissan (1906) • Eduard Buchner (1907) • Ernest Rutherford ( 1908) • Wilhelm Ostwald (1909) • Otto Wallach (1910) • Marie Curie (1911) • Victor Grignard , Paul Sabatier (1912) • Alfred Werner (1913) • Theodore Richards (1914) • Richard Willstätter (1915) • Fritz Haber (1918) • Walther Nernst (1920) • Frederick Soddy (1921) • Francis Aston (1922) • Fritz Pregl (1923) • Richard Zsigmondy (1925)
1926 - 1950	Theodor Svedberg (1926) • Heinrich Wieland (1927) • Adolf Windaus (1928) • Arthur Harden , Hans von Euler-Chelpin (1929) • Hans Fischer (1930) • Carl Bosch , Friedrich Bergius (1931) • Irving Langmuir (1932) • Harold Urey (1934) • Frédéric Joliot-Curie , Irène Joliot-Curie (1935) • Peter Debye (1936) • Walter Haworth , Paul Karrer (1937) • Richard Kuhn (1938) • Adolf Butenandt , Lavoslav Ružička (1939) • George de Hevesy (1943) • Otto Hahn (1944) • Artturi Virtanen (1945) • James B. Sumner , John Northrop , Wendell Meredith Stanley (1946) • Robert Robinson (1947) • Arne Tiselius (1948) • William Giauque (1949) ) • Otto Diels , Kurt Alder (1950)
1951 - 1975	Edwin McMillan , Glenn T. Seaborg (1951) • Archer Martin , Richard Synge (1952) • Hermann Staudinger (1953) • Linus Pauling (1954) • Vincent du Vigneaud (1955) • Cyril Hinshelwood , Nikolaj Semënov (1956) • Alexander Todd (1957) • Frederick Sanger (1958) • Jaroslav Heyrovský (1959) • Willard Libby (1960) • Melvin Calvin (1961) • Max Perutz , John Kendrew (1962) • Karl Ziegler , Giulio Natta (1963) • Dorothy Hodgkin (1964) ) • Robert Woodward (1965) • Robert Mulliken (1966) • Manfred Eigen , Ronald Norrish , George Porter (1967) • Lars Onsager (1968) • Derek Barton , Odd Hassel (1969) • Luis Federico Leloir (1970) • Gerhard Herzberg (1971) • Christian Anfinsen , Stanford Moore , William Stein (1972) • EO Fischer , Geoffrey Wilkinson (1973) • Paul Flory (1974) • John Cornforth , Vladimir Prelog (1975)
1976 - 2000	William Lipscomb (1976) • Il'ja Prigožin (1977) • Peter Mitchell (1978) • Herbert Brown , Georg Wittig (1979) • Paul Berg , Walter Gilbert , Frederick Sanger (1980) • Ken'ichi Fukui , Roald Hoffmann (1981) )) • Aaron Klug (1982) • Henry Taube (1983) • Robert Merrifield (1984) • Herbert A. Hauptman , Jerome Karle (1985) • Dudley Herschbach , Yuan T. Lee , John Polanyi (1986) • Donald J. Cram , Jean-Marie Lehn , Charles J. Pedersen (1987) • Johann Deisenhofer , Robert Huber , Hartmut Michel (1988) • Sidney Altman , Thomas Cech (1989) • Elias Corey (1990) • Richard R. Ernst (1991) • Rudolph Marcus (1992) • Kary Mullis , Michael Smith (1993) • George Olah (1994) • Paul Crutzen , Mario Molina , Frank Rowland (1995) • Robert Curl , Harold Kroto , Richard Smalley (1996) • Paul Boyer , John Ernest Walker , Jens Skou (1997) • Walter Kohn , John Pople (1998) • Ahmed Zewail (1999) • Alan Jay Heeger , Alan MacDiarmid , Hideki Shirakawa (2000)
2001 - astăzi	William Knowles , Ryōji Noyori , Barry Sharpless (2001) • John B. Fenn , Kōichi Tanaka , Kurt Wüthrich (2002) • Peter Agre , Roderick MacKinnon (2003) • Aaron Ciechanover , Avram Hershko , Irwin Rose (2004) • Robert Grubbs , Richard Schrock , Yves Chauvin (2005) • Roger D. Kornberg (2006) • Gerhard Ertl (2007) • Osamu Shimomura , Martin Chalfie , Roger Tsien (2008) • Venkatraman Ramakrishnan , Thomas Steitz , Ada Yonath (2009) • Richard Heck , Ei-ichi Negishi , Akira Suzuki (2010) • Dan Shechtman (2011) • Brian Kobilka , Robert Lefkowitz (2012) • Martin Karplus , Michael Levitt , Arieh Warshel (2013) • Eric Betzig , Stefan Hell , William Moerner (2014) • Tomas Lindahl , Paul Modrich , Aziz Sancar (2015) • Jean-Pierre Sauvage , James Fraser Stoddart , Bernard Feringa (2016) • Jacques Dubochet , Joachim Frank , Richard Henderson (2017) • Frances Hamilton Arnold , George Pieczenik Smith , Gregory Paul Winter (2018) • John B. Goodenough , M. Stanley Whittingham , Akira Yoshino (2019) • Emm anuelle Charpentier , Jennifer Doudna (2020)

V · D · M

Câștigătorii medaliei Davy 1901-1950 ( Societatea Regală )

George Downing Living (1901) · Svante Arrhenius (1902) · Pierre Curie / Marie Curie (1903) · William Henry Perkin, Jr. (1904) · Albert Ladenburg (1905) · Rudolph Fittig (1906) · Edward Morley (1907) · William A. Tilden (1908) · James Dewar (1909) · Theodore William Richards (1910) · Henry Edward Armstrong (1911) · Otto Wallach (1912) · Raphael Meldola (1913) · William Jackson Pope (1914) · Paul Sabatier ( 1915) · Henri Le Chatelier (1916) · Albin Haller (1917) · F. Stanley Kipping (1918) · Percy Frankland (1919) · Charles T Heycock (1920) · Philippe Guye (1921) · Jocelyn Field Thorpe (1922) · Herbert Brereton Baker (1923) · Arthur George Perkin (1924) · James Irvine (1925) · James Walker (1926) · Arthur Amos Noyes (1927) · Frederick George Donnan (1928) · Gilbert Lewis (1929) · Robert Robinson (1930) ) · Arthur Lapworth (1931) · Richard Willstätter (1932) · William Hobson Mills (1933) · Norman Haworth (1934) · Arthur Harden (1935) · William Arthur Bone (1936) · Hans Fischer (1937) · George Barger (1938) · James William McBain (1939) · Harold Urey (1940) · Henry Drysdale Dakin (1941) · Cyril Norman Hinshelwood (1942) · Ian Morris Heilbron (1943) · Robert Robertson (1944) · Roger Adams (1945) · Christopher Ingold (1946) · Linus Pauling (1947) · Edmund Langley Hirst (1948) · Alexander R. Todd (1949) · John Simonsen (1950)

1877-1900 · 1901-1950 · 1951-2000 · 2001-2021

V · D · M

Câștigătorii medaliei Priestley ( ACS )

Ira Remsen (1923) • Edgar Fahs Smith (1926) • Francis P. Garvan (1929) • Charles Lathrop Parsons (1932) • William A. Noyes (1935) Marston T. Bogert (1938) • Thomas Midgley (1941) • James Bryant Conant (1944) • Ian Morris Heilbron (1945) • Roger Adams (1946) • Warren K. Lewis (1947) • Edward R. Weidlein (1948) • Arthur B. Lamb (1949) • Charles August Kraus (1950) • Evan J. Crane (1951) • Samuel C. Lind (1952) • Robert Robinson (1953) • W. Albert Noyes, Jr. (1954) • Charles A. Thomas (1955) • Carl S. Marvel (1956) • Farrington Daniels (1957) • Ernest H. Volwiler (1958) • Hermann Irving Schlesinger (1959) • Wallace Reed Brode (1960) • Louis Plack Hammett (1961) • Joel Henry Hildebrand (1962) • Peter Debye (1963) • John C. Bailar Jr. (1964) • William J. Sparks (1965) • William O. Baker (1966) • Ralph Connor (1967) • William G. Young (1968) • Kenneth S. Pitzer (1969) • Max Tishler (1970) • Frederick Rossini (1971) • George B. Kistiakowsky (1972) • Harold Urey (1973) • Paul Flory (1974) • El nry Eyring (1975) • George S. Hammond (1976) • Henry Gilman (1977) • Melvin Calvin (1978) • Glenn Theodore Seaborg (1979) • Milton Harris (1980) • Herbert Brown (1981) • Bryce Crawford, Jr. (1982) • Robert Mulliken (1983) • Linus Pauling (1984) • Henry Taube (1985) • Karl August Folkers (1986) • John D. Roberts (1987) • Frank H. Westheimer (1988) • George C. Pimentel ( 1989) • Roald Hoffmann (1990) • Harry B. Gray (1991) • Carl Djerassi (1992) • Robert W. Parry (1993) • Howard E. Simmons (1994) • Derek Harold Richard Barton (1995) • Ernest L. Eliel (1996) • Mary L. Good (1997) • Frank Albert Cotton (1998) • Ronald Breslow (1999) • Darleane C. Hoffman (2000) • Fred Basolo (2001) • Allen Bard (2002) • Edwin J. Vandenberg (2003) • Elias J. Corey (2004) • George A. Olah (2005) • Paul S. Anderson (2006) • George M. Whitesides (2007) • Gábor Arpad Somorjai (2008) • Frederick Hawthorne (2009) • Richard Zare (2010) • Ahmed H. Zewail (2011) • Robert S. Langer (2012) • Peter J. Stang (2013) • Ste phen J. Lippard (2014) • Jacqueline Barton (2015) • Mostafa El-Sayed (2016) • Tobin J. Marks (2017) • Geraldine L. Richmond (2018) • Barry Sharpless (2019)

V · D · M

Câștigătorii premiului Willard Gibbs ( ACS )

Svante Arrhenius (1911) • Theodore William Richards (1912) • Leo Baekeland (1913) • Ira Remsen (1914) • Arthur Amos Noyes (1915) • Willis R. Whitney (1916) • Edward Morley (1917) • William Merriam Burton ( 1918) • William A. Noyes (1919) • Frederick Gardner Cottrell (1920) • Marie Curie (1921) • Julius Stieglitz (1923) • Gilbert Lewis (1924) • Moses Gomberg (1925) • James Colquhoun Irvine (1926) • John Jacob Abel (1927) • William Draper Harkins (1928) • Claude Silbert Hudson (1929) • Irving Langmuir (1930) • Phoebus Levene (1931) • Edward Curtis Franklin (1932) • Richard Martin Willstätter (1933) • Harold Urey (1934 ) • Charles August Kraus (1935) • Roger Adams (1936) • Herbert Newby McCoy (1937) • Robert R. Williams (1938) • Donald Dexter Van Slyke (1939) • Vladimir Ipatieff (1940) • Edward Adelbert Doisy (1941) • Thomas Midgley (1942) • Conrad Arnold Elvehjem (1943) • George O. Curme, Jr. (1944) • Frank C. Whitmore (1945) • Linus Pauling (1946) • Wendell Meredith Stanley (1947) • Carl F. Cori (1948) • Peter Debye (1949) • Carl S. Marvel (1950) William Francis Giauque (1951) William C. Rose (1952) • Joel Henry Hildebrand (1953) • Elmer K. Bolton (1954) • Farrington Daniels (1955) • Vincent du Vigneaud (1956) • W. Albert Noyes, Jr. (1957) • Willard Frank Libby (1958) • Hermann Irving Schlesinger (1959) • George B. Kistiakowsky (1960) • Louis Plack Hammett (1961) )) • Lars Onsager (1962) • Paul Doughty Bartlett (1963) • Izaak M. Kolthoff (1964) • Robert Mulliken (1965) • Glenn Theodore Seaborg (1966) • Robert Burns Woodward (1967) • Henry Eyring (1968) • Gerhard Herzberg (1969) • Frank H. Westheimer (1970) • Henry Taube (1971) • John T. Edsall (1972) • Paul Flory (1973) • Har Gobind Khorana (1974) • Herman F. Mark (1975) • Kenneth S Pitzer (1976) • Melvin Calvin (1977) • William O. Baker (1978) • Edgar Bright Wilson (1979) • Frank Albert Cotton (1980) • Bert Lester Vallee (1981) • Gilbert Stork (1982) • John D. Roberts (1983) • Elias James Corey (1984) • Donald James Cra m (1985) • Jack Halpern (1986) • Allen Bard (1987) • Rudolph Marcus (1988) • Richard Barry Bernstein (1989) • Richard Zare (1990) • Günther Wilke (1991) • Harry B. Gray (1992) • Peter B. Dervan (1993) • Frederick Hawthorne (1994) • John Meurig Thomas (1995) • Fred Basolo (1996) • Carl Djerassi (1997) • Mario Molina (1998) • Lawrence F. Dahl (1999) • Nicholas Turro ( 2000) • Tobin J. Marks (2001) • Ralph Hirschmann (2002) • John I. Brauman (2003) • Ronald Breslow (2004) • David A. Evans (2005) • Jacqueline K. Barton (2006) • Sylvia T. Ceyer (2007) • Carolyn R. Bertozzi (2008) • Louis Brus (2009) • Maurice Brookhart (2010) • Robert G. Bergman (2011) • Mark Ratner (2012) • Charles M. Lieber (2013) • John E. Bercaw (2014) • John F. Hartwig (2015) • Laura L. Kiessling (2016) • Judith Klinman (2017) • Cynthia Burrows (2018) • Marcetta Y. Darensbourg (2019)

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Câștigătorii Premiului Linus Pauling ( ACS )

Linus Pauling (1966) • Manfred Eigen (1967) • Herbert Brown (1968) • Henry Eyring (1969) • Harold Urey (1970) • Gerhard Herzberg (1971) • E. Bright Wilson (1972) • Elias James Corey (1973) • Roald Hoffmann (1974) • Paul Doughty Bartlett (1975) • Frank Albert Cotton (1976) • John Pople (1977) • Dudley Herschbach (1978) • Daniel Koshland (1979) • John D. Roberts (1980) • Henry Taube ( 1981) • George C. Pimentel (1982) • Gilbert Stork (1983) • John S. Waugh (1984) • Harold A. Scheraga (1985) • Harry B. Gray (1986) • Harden M. McConnell (1987) • Keith Ingold (1988) • Neil Bartlett (1989) • James P. Collman (1990) • Rudolph Marcus (1991) • Kenneth Wiberg (1992) • Richard Zare (1993) • James A. Ibers (1994) • Alexander Rich (1995) • Kyriacos C. Nicolaou (1996) • Ahmed Zewail (1997) • Allen Bard (1998) • Peter B. Dervan (1999) • Gábor Arpad Somorjai (2000) • Tobin J. Marks (2001) • John I. Brauman (2002) )) • Robert Grubbs (2003) • Martin Karplus (2004) • George M. Whitesides (2005) • Peter Stang (2006) • Jacqueline K. Barton (2007) • Thomas C. Bruice (2008) • Stephen J. Lippard (2009) • Armand Paul Alivisatos (2010) • Larry R. Dalton (2011) • Robert Cava (2012) • Ciad Mirkin (2013) • Stephen Buchwald (2014) • Barry M. Trost (2015) • Timothy M. Swager (2016) • Christopher C. Cummins (2017) • Geraldine Richmond (2018) • Catherine J. Murphy (2019) • Paul Chirik (2020)

V · D · M

American Institute of Chemists Câștigătorii medaliilor de aur

William Blum (1926) • Lafayette B. Mendel (1927) • Francis P. Garvan (1929) • George Eastman (1930) • Andrew Mellon , Richard B. Mellon (1931) • Charles H. Herty (1932) • Henry C. Sherman (1933) • James Bryant Conant (1934) • Marston Taylor Bogert (1936) • James F. Norris (1937) • Frederick G. Cottrell (1938) • Gustav Egloff (1940) • Henry G. Knight (1941) • William Lloyd Evans (1942) • Walter S. Landis (1943) • Willard H. Dow (1944) • John W. Thomas (1945) • Robert Price Russell (1946) • Moses Leverock Crossley (1947) • Charles A. Thomas (1948 ) • Warren K. Lewis (1949) • Walter J. Murphy (1950) • Harry N. Holmes (1951) • Fred J. Emmerich (1952) • JC Warner (1953) • William J. Sparks (1954) • Carl S . Marvel (1955) • Raymond Stevens (1956) • Roy Newton (1957) • Lawrence Flett (1958) • Crawford H. Greenewalt (1959) • Ernest H. Volwiler (1960) • Alden H. Emery (1961) • George W Parks (1962) • Ralph Connor (1963) • Roger Adams (1964) • Edwin Cox (1965) • John H. Nair (1966) • Wayne E. Kuh n (1967) • Orville E. May (1968) • Henry B. Hass (1969) • Willard Frank Libby (1970) • Emmett B. Carmichael (1971) • Harold Urey (1972) • Glenn Theodore Seaborg (1973) • William Edward Hanford (1974) • William O. Baker (1975) • Kenneth S. Pitzer (1976) • Max Tishler (1977) • Norman Hackerman (1978) • Melvin Calvin (1979) • Arthur M. Bueche (1980) • Lewis Hastings Sarett (1981) • Milton Harris (1982) • Mary L. Good (1983) • John H. Sinfelt (1984) • Herbert Brown (1985) • Norman Bruce Hannay (1986) • Arnold O. Beckman (1987) • George C. Pimentel (1988) • Elias James Corey (1989) • Harry B. Gray (1990) • Bruce N. Ames (1991) • Roy L. Whistler (1992) • Fred Basolo (1993) • Arthur Adamson (1994) • George Parshall (1995) • Harry Drickman (1996) • Alfred Bader (1997) • Frank Albert Cotton (1998) • Yie W. Chien (2000) • Tobin Marks (2002) • Ralph Hirschmann (2003) • Carl Djerassi (2004) • Robert L. McNeil (2005) • Roald Hoffmann (2006) • George M. Whitesides (2007) • Paul Berg (2008) • Oliver Smithies (2009) • Robert Grubbs (2010) • Dudley Herschbach (2011) • Elizabeth Blackburn (2012) • John D. Roberts (2013) • Ronald Breslow (2014) • Jacqueline Barton (2015) • Chad Mirkin (2016) • Stephen J. Lippard (2017) • Edmond Gerald Meyer (2018) • Henry Frederick Schaefer (2019) • Peter J. Stang (2020)

Controllo di autorità	VIAF ( EN ) 67616717 · ISNI ( EN ) 0000 0001 0911 538X · LCCN ( EN ) n85800535 · GND ( DE ) 132048000 · BNF ( FR ) cb126434422 (data) · NLA ( EN ) 35573939 · WorldCat Identities ( EN ) lccn-n85800535

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